a.) Expressionism is art centered around human emotion and it makes a point to get across a certain emotion that is shared throughout humanity. Cognitivism is closely tied together with emotion to communicate views on the world that the viewer adds onto. Cognitivism is more open with it's interpretation of emotion than expressionism is.
b.) Tolstoy's view of art is outside of just the artist, the viewer, or even the actual piece. His definition of art rest in how all three of these components interact with each other to shape and form a unique experience.
c.) According to Collingwood, the viewer is essentially the art. Art becomes a collaboration between artist and viewer, with the viewer partaking in the creation of the piece. Both artist and audience come to learn about themselves through the interpretations of each other.
d.) Louis Bourgeois used metaphors almost as a personal map that points out what has happened to her in the past and then takes you to where she is in the presence, linking the two situations together in a cause/effect like situation. Kiki Smith tends to use the metaphor more openly and traditionally, to symbolize her emotions for a visual understanding from the audience.
